THE PROBLEM OF MATTER

1. THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
   Is matter real?
   In order to solve this problem,
   the more basic problem "What is matter?" must be solved.

2. ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM.
   Historical Analysis:
   1. Milesians.
   2. Heraclitus.
   3. Pythagoreans.
   4. Parmenides.
   5. Atomism.
   6. Plato.
   7. Plotinus.
   8. Augustine.
   9. Aristotle.
   10. Thomas Aquinas.
   11. Modern Physical Sciences.
   12. Telesio.
   13. Descartes.
   14. Mechanism.
   15. Gassendi.
   16. Henry More.
   17. Spinoza.
   18. Leibniz.
   19. Hegel.
   20. Bretrand Russell.
   21. A. N. Whitehead.
   22. Albert Einstein.
   23. Modern Theories of Light.
   24. The Photoelectric Effect.
   25. Quantum Theory of Matter.
   26. Atomic Structure of Matter.
   27. Louis de Broglie.
   28. Quantum Mechanics.
       Introduction.
       1. Dual Nature of Light.
       2. Compton Effect.
       3. Dual Nature of Atomic Particles.
       4. Bohr Atom.
       5. Diffraction of Particles.
       6. Schrodingers Equation.
          1. Particle in a Box.
          2. Particle in a Potential Well.
       7. Interpretation of Wave Functions.
       8. Probabilistic Wave Function.
       9. Double Slit Diffraction.
       10. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
           1. Uncertainty of position and momentum.
           2. Uncertainty of time and energy.
       11. Principle of Complementarity.
       12. Einstein's Criticism of the Quantum Theory.
       13. Paul Dirac.
       14. Antimatter.
       15. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.
       16. Electron Spin.
       17. Quantum Field Theory.
   29. Interpretation of Wave Functions.

3. SUMMARY.
4. CONCLUSION.
   Is matter real?
   1. Idealism says, "No";
      the real is the rational (the universal and the necessary) and the rational is the real.
   2. Materialism and the older Naturalism says, "Yes"; and matter is the only real.
   3. Classical physics has answered, "Yes"; but
   4. Twentieth century physics has answered, "No";
      matter is energy; or, more accurately, mass is related to energy: E = mc².
   5. Historically, some Christian philosophies has answered, "Yes"
      and some others have answered, "No",
      depending upon the influence of Greek Philosophy:
      Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian philosophies.
   6. The Bible implies that matter is real, but it is not ultimate reality.
      "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." (Gen. 1:1).
      God created matter ("the earth") and it has a created reality.