INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

By: Ray Shelton

INTRODUCTION:

1. The early history of Chemistry.
   The Classification of Matter:
   1. The three phases of matter.
   2. Early History of the concept of element.
   3. Medieval Chemistry and Alchemy.
   4. Early Medical Chemistry.
2. The Birth of Modern Chemistry.
   1. Definition of an Element.
   2. The Problem of Chemical Change.
      1. The Changes of Matter.
         1. Physical Changes:
         2. Chemical Changes:
      2. Combustion:
      3. Calcination:
      4. The Phlogiston Theory:
      5. The Oxygen Theory:
         1. Difficulties with the Phlogiston Theory.
         2. Developments leading up to Oxygen Theory.
         3. The Oxygen Theory.
   3. The Laws of Chemical Change.
      1. The Law of the Conservation of Matter.
      2. The Law Definite Proportions.
      3. The Law of Multiple Proportions.
      4. The Law of Combining Volumes.
3. THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER.
   1. The History of Atomic Theory.
   2. Dalton's Atomic Theory.
      1. Postulates of the Atomic Theory.
      2. The Achievements of Dalton's Atomic Theory.
   3. Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes.
      1. Examples:
      2. Observations:
      3. Dalton's Opposition to Gay-Lussac's Law.
      4. The Problem raised by Gay-Lussac's Law.
   4. Avogadro's Hypothesis.
      1. The Postulates of Avogadro's Hypothesis.
      2. The Explanation of Experimental Results.
      3. Answers to Dalton's Opposition.
      4. Importance of Avogadro's Hypothesis.
      5. The Reason Avogadro's Hypothesis was not accepted.
4. Developments in Chemistry after Avogadro.
   1. The Method of Equivalent Weights.
   2. Dulong and Petit's Law.
   3. Cannizarro's Method of Atomic Weight Determination.
   4. The Periodic Classification of the Elements.
      1. Families of Elements.
      2. The Periodic Law.
      3. The Periodic Table.
5. The Language of Chemistry.
   1. Symbols.
   2. Formulas.
   3. Equations.